Two new terpene glycosides from the Alpiniae Oxyphyllae Fructus / 药学学报

Two undescribed terpene glycosides and two compounds were isolated from the n-butanol fraction of Alpiniae Oxyphyllae Fructus by using various chromatographic methods, including MCI Gel, Sephadex LH-20, ODS, silica gel and semi-preparative HPLC. The structures of the isolated compounds were identified by spectroscopy methods (1D, 2D NMR, UV, IR, MS, etc.), and the absolute configuration of the compound 1 was determined by ECD calculation and acid hydrolysis. Compounds 1 and 2 are new compound, and compounds 3 and 4 were isolated from Alpiniae Oxyphyllae Fructus for the first time.

Hepato- and reno-protective effects of thymoquinone, crocin, and carvacrol: A comprehensive review

Medicinal plants are rich in nutrients and phytochemicals which prevent and treat a wide range of ailments. Accumulating experimental studies exhibit that some bioactive ingredients extracted from medicinal plants have suitable therapeutic effects on hepatic and renal injuries. This review focuses on the hepato- and reno-protective effects of thymoquinone, crocin, and carvacrol. The relevant literature was retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases from the beginning of 2015 until the end of November 2021. According to the scientific evidence, the considered phytochemicals in this review have been applied with useful therapeutic effects on hepatic and renal damage. These therapeutic effects were mainly mediated through the amelioration of oxidative stress, suppression of inflammatory responses, and inhibition of apoptosis. Intracellular signaling pathways linked to nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, c-jun N-terminal kinase, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and Toll-like receptors are the most important pathways targeted by these phytochemicals. Up-regulation of transcription factor Nrf2 and down-regulation of transforming growth factor-beta 1 by these natural compounds also contribute to the alleviation of hepatic and renal injuries.

Antibiofilm activity of carvacrol loaded chitosan nanoparticles against Listeria monocytogenes

Aims@#This study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of the synthesised carvacrol loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CLCNPs) on the growing and pre-formed biofilms of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from slaughterhouses.@*Methodology and results@#The swab samples were collected from knives, hocks and cutting tables representing slaughterhouses meat contact surfaces (MCS), while those samples from walls and floors represent slaughterhouses meat non-contact surfaces (MNCS). The bacteriological analysis revealed the existence of L. monocytogenes with a prevalence rate of 3.3, 10 and 6.7% for knives, hocks and cutting tables, respectively and 2.2 and 6.6% for walls and floors, respectively. The isolates L. monocytogenes were assayed for biofilm production by the crystal violet binding assay method. Among the 10 L. monocytogenes isolates, 10%, 50% and 30% of the isolates were found to be strong, moderate and weak biofilm producers, respectively. The activities of carvacrol, chitosan nanoparticles (NPs) and CLCNPs against the only strong biofilm producer strain of L. monocytogenes were tested by microtiter plate assay. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) values were 3.75 mg/mL for CAR, 5 mg/mL for chitosan NPs and 0.62 mg/mL for CLCNPs. CLCNPs inhibit the produced biofilm by 35.79, 73.37 and 77.76%, when 0.5 MIC, 1 MIC and 2 MIC were used, respectively. Furthermore, the pre-formed L. monocytogenes biofilms were significantly reduced from 1.01 (control) OD570 to 0.40 and 0.29 OD570 by applying 2 MIC and 4 MIC doses, respectively.@*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#The data generated is promising to develop bio-green disinfectants to inhibit biofilm formation by L. monocytogenes in the food processing environment and control its adverse effects for consumers.

Effect of Carvacrol on the Biological Behavior of Leukemia Cells and Its Mechanism / 中国实验血液学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the effect of carvacrol on the biological behavior of leukemia cells and its regulation to circ-0008717/miR-217 molecular axis.@*METHODS@#Human acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells Molt-4 were cultured in vitro, and different concentrations of carvacrol were added to the cells. si-NC and si-circ-0008717 were transfected into Molt-4 cells (si-NC group, si-circ-0008717 group). pcDNA, pcDNA-circ-0008717, anti-miR-NC, anti-miR-217 were transfected into Molt-4 cells and then added to carvacrol-treated cells (carvacrol+pcDNA group, carvacrol+pcDNA-circ-0008717 group, carvacrol+anti-miR-NC group, carvacrol+anti-miR-217 group). MTT, plate clone formation experiment, and flow cytometry were used to detect the viability of the cell, colony formation number, and apoptosis rate of cells, respectively. The RT-qPCR method was used to detect the expression levels of circ-0008717 and miR-217. The dual luciferase reporter gene experiment was used to detect the targeting relationship between circ-0008717 and miR-217.@*RESULTS@#After carvacrol treatment, the cell viability decreased significantly (r=-0.9405), expression level of circ-0008717 decreased (r=-0.9117), colonies formed number decreased (r=-0.9256), while the cell apoptosis rate increased (r= 0.8464), and the expression level of miR-217 increased (r=0.9468). Compared with the si-NC group, the expression level of miR-217 in si-circ-0008717 group increased (P＜0.001), the cell apoptosis rate increased (P＜0.001), while cell viability decreased (P＜0001), the number of colonies formed decreased (P＜0.001). Compared with the carvacrol+pcDNA group, the cell viability of the carvacrol+pcDNA-circ-0008717 group increased (P＜0.001), the number of colonies formed increased (P＜0.001), while the cell apoptosis rate decreased (P＜0.001). circ-0008717 could target miR-217. The cell viability of the carvacrol+anti-miR-217 group increased (P＜0.001), and the number of colonies formed increased (P＜0.001), while the cell apoptosis rate decreased (P＜0001) as compared with the carvacrol+anti-miR-NC group.@*CONCLUSION@#Carvacrol can promote the expression of miR-217 by down-regulating the expression of circ-0008717, thereby reducing the proliferation and cloning ability of leukemia cells and promoting cell apoptosis.

Use of essential oil on digestive health and blood parameters of maintenance horses / [Uso de óleo essencial na saúde digestiva e nos parâmetros sanguíneos de cavalos em manutenção]

Essential oils (EO) such as carvacrol represent a wide range of mainly volatile aromatic plant compounds which hold antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal potential, in addition to other properties of interest to animal health, such as the ability to modulate the microbiome. Current horse care commonly involves an intensive management system with an excessive use of concentrated feed, which can lead to severe digestive and metabolic disorders. Studies with EO in horses are limited, but the use of carvacrol essential oil (CEO) can promote benefits in microbial fermentation. The objective was to investigate the effect of different quantities of CEO on the apparent total digestibility of nutrients, microbial profile in the feces and postprandial blood glucose and insulin response when added to the equine diet. Eight Mini-Horse geldings were used (42±6 months; 135±15 kg BW) and fed with a proportion of 60% concentrate and 40% grass hay. The treatments were: 0, 100, 200 and 300 ppm of CEO. The addition of CEO up to 300 ppm did not influence the apparent digestibility of nutrients or the postprandial plasma glucose and insulin response. The use of CEO maintained the fermentative digestive health of horses fed with concentrate diets.(AU)

Os óleos essenciais (EO), como o carvacrol, são descritos por representarem ampla gama de compostos principalmente voláteis de plantas aromáticas, com potencial antioxidante, antibacteriano, antifúngico, entre outras propriedades de interesse para a saúde animal, como a modulação do microbioma. Atualmente, os cavalos são submetidos a manejo intensivo, com uso excessivo de ração concentrada, o que pode causar graves distúrbios digestivos e metabólicos. Em cavalos, estudos com EO são limitados, mas o uso de óleo essencial de carvacrol (CEO) poderia promover benefícios na fermentação microbiana. O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi investigar o efeito de diferentes quantidades de óleo essencial de carvacrol, adicionadas à dieta de equinos, sobre a digestibilidade aparente total de nutrientes, o perfil microbiano por meio das fezes e a resposta sanguínea pós-prandial de glicose e insulina. Foram utilizados oito cavalos castrados, da raça Mini-Horse (42±6 meses), 135±15kg PV, alimentados na proporção de 60% concentrado e 40% feno de capim. Os tratamentos foram: 0, 100, 200 e 300ppm de CEO. A adição de CEO até 300ppm não influencia a digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes e a resposta de glicose e insulina plasmática pós-prandial. O uso de EO demonstra manter a saúde digestiva fermentativa quando os cavalos são alimentados com dieta rica em concentrado.(AU)

Carvacrol-loaded polyvinyl alcohol/montmorillonite clay nanocomposite (PVA/MONT/Carva) as an antimicrobial agent for wound dressing

Aims@#This research was conducted to develop and characterize polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/montmorillonite (MONT) clay incorporated with carvacrol (Carva) nanocomposite film as a potential material in wound dressing.@*Methodology and results@#Organophilic MONT clay, which was initially modified from commercial MONT clay by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), was used in the polymerization process using PVA. The synthesized nanocomposites were visualized via transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The developed film (PVA/MONT/Carva nanocomposite film) was characterized via Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The investigation on mechanical property and antimicrobial activity of the film was also performed. All nanocomposites are spherical, with a size of 92.8 ± 22.1 nm. The -OH stretch, C-H stretch, aromatic group, SiO stretch, and C-O from acetyl group were identified in the PVA/MONT/Carva nanocomposite films. During the chemical release test, carvacrol attained a plateau at 24 h, with a total release of 62.3%. This nanocomposite exhibited a severe detrimental influence on the growth of Gram-bacteria and yeasts, which represented a broad spectrum of antimicrobial agents. All test microorganisms showed approximately up to 82% reduction of microbial growth during the Hohenstein challenge test. Physically, the nanocomposite films were yellowish and apparent. The film was sturdy, flexible, elastic and consisted of excellent water holding capacity.@*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#PVA/MONT/Carva nanocomposite film may have a useful potential to be merged in the pharmaceutical application, especially in wound dressing production.

Carvacrol Promotes Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis through PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells / 中国结合医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To examine the role of carvacrol in modulating PI3K/AKT signaling involved in human breast cancer pathogenesis using in vitro experimental model MCF-7 cells.@*METHODS@#MTT and lactate dehydrogenase assays were performed with cells treated with different doses of carvacrol (0-250 p mol/L) at different time points (24 and 48 h). The nuclear morphology was assessed in MCF-7 cells with propidium iodide (PI) and acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) staining and analyzed by fluorescence microscopy. Events like cell cycle arrest, apoptosis was observed by flow cytometric analysis and expressions of p-Rb, cyclin D1, cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4), CDK6, Bax, Bcl-2, PI3K/p-AKT was analyzed by immunoblot.@*RESULTS@#Carvacrol significantly reduced cell viability with the half maximal inhibitory concentration value of 200 µmol/L at 24 and 48 h (P<0.05). importantly, there was a significant increase in the accumulation of the G@*CONCLUSION@#Carvacrol significantly inhibited the breast cancer MCF-7 cell proliferation and induced apoptosis via suppressing PI3/AKT signaling pathway.

Assessment of carvacrol paste as endodontic medication associated with laser photobiomodulation in tissue repair: an experimental study in rats / Avaliação da pasta de carvacrol como medicação endodôntica associada à fotobiomodulação a laser no reparo: um estudo experimental em ratos

This study aimed to analyze the tissue reaction caused by carvacrol paste associated or not with laser photobiomodulation (LPBM) at λ660 nm in the subcutaneous tissue of rats. Sixty Wistar rats were divided into four groups and they received the following interventions: subcutaneous implantation of empty polyethylene tubes (CTR), implantation of tubes containing carvacrol paste (CVC), implantation of empty tubes and LPBM (LLLT), and implantation of tubes containing carvacrol paste and LPBM (CVCLT). The animals were euthanized at three, eight, and 15 days after surgery. The inflammatory reaction and fibroplasia were analyzed histomorphometrically. Significant differences among the groups were determined by ANOVA and Tukey's test (p<0.05). In the 3-day period, the CVCLT group had low inflammatory infiltration (p<0.01). In the 8- and 15-day periods, the LLLT and CVCLT groups presented a low amount of lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate (p<0.01 and p<0.05). Regarding the formation of fibrous tissue, the CVC group had the highest formation of type III collagen in the 8-day period (p<0.001). In the 15-day period, the CVCLT group had a lower formation of type I collagen than the CTR and LLLT groups (p<0.05). The use of the carvacrol paste associated with photobiomodulation optimizes the inflammatory period and tissue repair.

Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a reação tecidual causada pela pasta de carvacrol associada ou não à fotobiomodulação a laser (LPBM) a λ660 nm no tecido subcutâneo de ratos. Sessenta ratos Wistar foram divididos em quatro grupos e receberam as seguintes intervenções: implantação subcutânea de tubos de polietileno vazios (CTR); implantação de tubos contendo pasta de carvacrol (CVC); implantação de tubos vazios e LPBM (LLLT); implantação de tubos contendo pasta de carvacrol e LPBM (CVCLT). Os animais foram eutanasiados aos 03, 08 e 15 dias após a cirurgia. A reação inflamatória e a fibroplasia foram analisadas histologicamente. Diferenças significativas entre os grupos foram determinadas pelo teste ANOVA e teste de Tukey (p<0,05). No período de três dias, o grupo CVCLT apresentou menor infiltração inflamatória (p<0,01). No período de 8 e 15 dias, os grupos LLLT e CVCLT apresentaram menor quantidade de infiltrado inflamatório linfocitário (p<0,01 e p<0,05). Em relação à formação de tecido fibroso, o grupo CVC apresentou maior formação de colágeno tipo III no período de 8 dias (p<0,001). No período de 15 dias, o grupo CVCLT apresentou menor formação de colágeno tipo I em relação aos grupos CTR e LLLT (p<0,05). O uso da pasta de carvacrol associado à fotobiomodulação a laser otimiza o período inflamatório e o reparo tecidual.

Optimization of Extraction Process of Thymol and Carvacrol in Origanum vulgare by Box-Behnken Design-Response Surface Methodology / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To optimize the extraction process of thymol and carvacrol in Origanum vulgare by Box-Behnken design-response surface methodology. METHODS: On the basis of single factor experiment, taking the sum of extraction rates of thymol and carvicol as the evaluation index, Box-Behnken design was used to investigate the effects of ethanol concentration, liquid-solid ratio and medicinal powder on the extraction rate. RESULTS: The optimal extraction parameters were as follows: ethanol concentration was 80%, liquid to solid ratio was 13∶1 (mL/g), medicinal powder passing through 40 meshes was used, and the highest extraction rate was 694.80 μg•g-1, with a small deviation from the predicted value. CONCLUSION: The optimal extraction method is simple, with low cost and good predictivity, and it can provide experimental basis for further large-scale production of thymol and carvacrol in Origanum vulgare.

Preparation and Evaluation of β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex of Volatile Oil in Couplet Medicines of Moslae Herba and Pogostemonis Herba / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective::To investigate the pharmacodynamics of volatile oil in couplet medicines of Moslae Herba and Pogostemonis Herba, to establish a method for simultaneous determination of three essential ingredients (thymol, carvacrol and patchouli alcohol) in volatile oil of the couplet medicines by gas chromatography (GC), to optimize the preparation process of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) inclusion complex of volatile oil in the couplet medicines and to confirm the formation of the inclusion complex. Method::An in vitro inflammatory response model was established by hyaluronidase activity inhibition test in order to detect the anti-inflammatory activity of the volatile oil. Also, the antioxidant activity of the volatile oil was assessed by 1, 1-diphenyl-2-trinitrophenylhydrazine (DPPH) free radical scavenging method. The inclusion of volatile oil in couplet medicines of Moslae Herba and Pogostemonis Herba was prepared by scaturated aqueous solution method, colloid milling method and grinding method, respectively. GC was used to determine the contents of thymol, carvacrol and patchouli alcohol in volatile oil for optimizing extraction and inclusion processes of volatile oil. Scanning electron microscope, infrared spectroscopy, thermal differential analysis, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to verify the formation of the inclusion complex. Result::The volatile oil not only inhibited hyaluronidase activity to a certain extent, but also eliminated DPPH and increased with the increase of concentration. There was a good linear relationship between the peak area and concentration of thymol, carvacrol and patchouli alcohol at 0.021 3-0.426, 0.020 04-0.400 8, 0.022 6-0.452 g·L-1 (R2>0.999), respectively. Their recoveries were 99.59%(RSD 1.6%), 100.15%(RSD 1.5%), 100.70%(RSD 1.4%), respectively. The colloid milling method was optimized, and the formation of the inclusion complex was verified by the aforementioned methods. Conclusion::The volatile oil in couplet medicines of Moslae Herba and Pogostemonis Herba has certain anti-inflammatory activity and anti-oxidation ability. The colloid milling method was the best inclusion process for the volatile oil. The established GC has the advantages of simple, sensitive, accurate, reliable and reproducible, which can meet the requirements of simultaneous determination of thymol, carvacrol and patchouli alcohol in the inclusion complex.

The influence of different solvent ratios on the antimicrobial activity of essential oils against Streptococcus mutans

@#Aims: This study aimed to evaluate and compare the antibacterial activity (AA) of Origanum dubium and Cinnamomum cassia essential oils dissolved in different ratios of three different solvents against Streptococcus mutans. Methodology and results: The essential oils were obtained from O. dubium leaves and C. cassia barks using hydrodistillation method and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analyses were performed to identify the compositions. The obtained essential oils were diluted in dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO), Tween 20 and ethanol with concentrations of 10, 20 and 60% respectively. Each oil mixture was further diluted with distilled water to provide different ratios. Then, the AA of the dilutions were evaluated. Comparison of AA of essential oils showed that C. cassia had higher AA than O. dubium for each dilution ratio for Tween and ethanol. Conclusion, significance and impact of this study: The results obtained in our study lead us to affirm that the AA of both oils are dependent on dilution ratios of the solvents and the AA of C. cassia is higher than that of O. dubium except for the 1:8 and 1:16 dilution ratios of DMSO. Increasing ratios of solvents used to dilute the O. dubium and C. cassia essential oils resulted in a decrease in the antimicrobial activity against S. mutans.

Atividade antifúngica in vitro e in vivo de revestimento comestível ativo contra Colletotrichum sp / In vitro e in vivo antifungal activity of active edible coating against Colletotrichum sp

A atividade antifúngica in vitro e in vivo do carvacrol disperso no revestimentos comestíveis foi avaliada contra o Colletotrichum sp.. Na elaboração do revestimento foi utilizado amido de mandioca e gelatina. A concentração de carvacrol variou de 0-0,6 g.mL-1 de solução filmogênica. O revestimento ativo mostrou-se um ótimo antifúngico no controle da proliferação do Colletotrichum sp. com concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) para o carvacrol de 3,51 μg.mL-1. O revestimento de 0,3 mg carvacrol. g-1 solução inibiu a proliferação do Colletotrichum sp. nas análises antimicrobianas in vivo realizadas em morangos. Os revestimentos ativos foram capazes de inibir o aparecimento da doença fúngica antracnose em 80 a 90 % dos morangos com dois dias de incubação de Colletotrichum sp..

Efeito combinado de carvacrol e tiabendazol contra Colletotrichum gloesporioides, Fusarium solani e Alternaria alternata / Combined effect of carvacrol and thiabendazole against Colletotrichum gloesporioides, Fusarium solani and Alternaria alternata

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a atividade antimicrobiana do carvacrol e sua combinação com tiabendazol no controle de fungos patogênicos deteriorantes de frutas (Colletotrichum gloesporioides, Fusarium solani e Alternaria alternata). O carvacrol apresentou uma concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) de 282 a 563 μg mL-1 para os fungos testados. Quando avaliado em conjunto com o tiabendazol apresentou efeito aditivo contra C. gloesporioides e F. solani (FICI 0,5 e 1,0, respectivamente) e sinérgico contra a A.alternata (FICI 0,1). Houve redução da CIM do carvacrol de 50 a 88%. Este estudo mostra o potencial do uso.

Desenvolvimento e caracterização de nanocápsulas poliméricas contendo carvacrol para inibição de Salmonella enteritidis / Development and characterization of polymeric nanocapsules containing carvacrol for inhibition from Salmonella enteritidis

Avaliou-se caracterização físico-química, ação bactericida e estabilidade de nanocápsulas poliméricas de Eudragit contendo carvacrol preparadas utilizando técnica de deposição interfacial do polímero pré-formado. As nanocápsulas apresentaram diâmetro médio de 146 nm, PDI de 0,181 e potencial zeta de + 23,44 mV e a concentração bactericida mínima necessária para inativar Salmonella Enteritidis foi de 0,331 mg/mL. A solução contendo nanocápsulas manteve suas características físico-químicas e atividade bactericida inalteradas durante os 45 dias do teste de estabilidade, demonstrando características promissoras para o desenvolvimento de um sanitizantes para uso em indústria produtora de ovos e frigorífico de aves.

Encapsulação de antimicrobianos naturais em nanolipossomas para inibição de bactérias causadoras de surtos alimentares / Encapsulation of natural antimicrobials in nanoliposomas for the inhibition of bacterials causing foodborne disease

Avaliou-se ação bactericida e caracterização físico-química de duas diferentes formulações de nanolipossomas preparados utilizando técnica de hidratação do filme lipídico. Nanolipossomas contendo carvacrol apresentaram diâmetro médio de 270,83 nm, PDI de 0,20 e potencial zeta de + 8,64 mV. Nanolipossomas contendo carvacrol e nisina apresentaram diâmetro médio de 205,25 nm, PDI de 0,31 e potencial zeta de - 22,48 mV. Para ambas formulações a concentração bactericida mínima foi de 3,53 mg/mL para Salmonella e 5,3 mg/mL para Escherichia coli e Staphylococcus aureus. Não ocorreu efeito sinérgico entre carvacrol e nisina, porém os nanolipossomas contendo carvacrol apresentaram ação bactericida contra os microrganismos testados, demonstrando potencial para sua utilização no desenvolvimento de um sanitizante para uso em indústrias de alimentos.

Essential oil composition in natural population of Lippia origanoides (Verbenaceae) during dry and rainy seasons / Composición de los aceites esenciales en poblaciones naturales de Lippia origanoides (Verbenaceae) durante las estaciones seca y lluviosa

Abstract Lippia origanoides Kunth. is a medicinal shrub native to some countries in South America, Central America and the Caribbean. This study aims to investigate the chemical composition of the essential oil and the genetic diversity of a natural population of Lippia origanoides in two seasons. Leaf samples were collected from 30 individuals in the dry and rainy seasons. The essential oil was extracted into a Clevenger apparatus and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The relative quantification of thymol and carvacrol was performed by gas chromatography coupled to a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Multivariate analysis was used to evaluate the genetic divergence between plants. Carvacrol was the major compound found in most plants for both seasons. In the rainy season, plant 15 presented thymol as the major compound, and plants 16, 27, 28 and 29 presented camphor as the major compound. In the dry season, thymol remained the main compound of plant 15 and camphor remained the main compound of plants 16, 28 and 29; however, plant 27 presented carvacrol as the main compound in this season. After carvacrol, the compounds with the highest content were γ-terpinene, p-cymene and methyl-ether-thymol. Of the 30 plants studied, only five differed in their chemical composition, showing some degree of stability in relation to the dry and rainy seasons. There was no variation in the main compounds between the two seasons, but there was chemical diversity among the main compounds. Tocher grouping revealed five distinct groups, with group 1 including most of the plants in both dry and rainy seasons, indicating that the time of year evaluated did not significantly interfere with the essential oil composition of most plants.(AU)

Resumen Lippia origanoides Kunth. es un arbusto medicinal nativo de algunos países de Centro y Sur América y el Caribe. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la composición química de los aceites esenciales y la diversidad genética de una población natural de L. origanoides en dos estaciones. El aceite esencial se extrajo en un equipo de Clevenger y se analizó por cromatografía de gases acoplado a espectrometría de masas (CG-EM). La cuantificación relativa de timol y carvacrol se realizó por cromatografía de gases acoplado a un detector de ionización de llamas (CG-DIL). Se utilizó un análisis multivariado para evaluar la divergencia genética entre plantas. El carvacrol fue el compuesto principal encontrado en la mayoría de las plantas para ambas estaciones. En la estación lluviosa, la planta 15 presentó timol como el compuesto principal y las plantas 16, 27, 28 y 29 presentaron alcanfor como el compuesto principal. En la estación seca, el timol se mantuvo como el principal compuesto en la planta 15, de igual manera el alcanfor se mantuvo como el principal en las plantas 16, 28 y 29. Sin embargo, la planta 27 presentó carvacrol como el principal compuesto en esta estación. Después del carvacrol, los compuestos con el mayor contenido fueron γ-terpineno, p-cimeno and metil-eter-timol. De las 30 plantas estudiadas, solo cinco difirieron en su composición química, mostrando algún grado de estabilidad en relación a la estación seca y lluviosa. No hubo variación en los compuestos principales entre las dos estaciones, pero hubo diversidad química entre los compuestos principales. El agrupamiento de Tocher mostró cinco grupos distintos, con el grupo 1 incluyendo la mayoría de las plantas en ambas estaciones, lo cual indica que el periodo del año evaluado no interfiere significativamente con la composición de aceites esenciales en la mayoría de plantas.(AU)

Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad essential oil and its anti-candidal activities against clinical isolates of Candida albicans isolated from women with candidiasis / Actividad anti-Candida de los aceites esenciales del Jamzad Satureja khuzistanica contra aislados clínicos de Candida albicans obtenidos de mujeres con candidiasis

Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad is known as antiseptic and analgesic agent in folk medicine. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the anti-candidal activity of S. khuzistanica aerial parts essential oil against clinical isolates of Candida albicans, which were isolated from women with chronic recurrent candidiasis. For this purpose, the chemical composition of hydro-distilled essential oil was determined by GC and GC-MS analysis. Then, the anti-candidal activity of essential oil and its main component (carvacrol) were determined. Carvacrol (94.1%) was the main component of essential oil, followed by β-bisabolene, p-cymene and γ-terpinene. S. khuzistanica essential oil had strong anti-candidal activity against clinical isolates of C. albicans via inhibition of germ tube formation and induction the huge punctures in the cytoplasmic structures. The cell membranes were intact in presence of essential oil or carvacrol. S. khuzistanica essential oil as the main source of carvacrol can be used for treatment of C. albicans related infections.

Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad es conocido como analgésico y antiséptico en la medicina tradicional. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto anti- Candida de los aceites esenciales obtenidos de las partes aéreas de S. khuzistanica sobre aislados clínicos de Candida albicans, obtenidos de mujeres con candida diasis crónica recurrente. Para este propósito la composición química de aceites esenciales hidrodestilados fueron determinados por análisis GC y GC-MS. Luego la actividad anti-candidasica de los aceites esenciales y de su componente principal (carvacrol) fue determiando. Carvacrol (94.1%) fue el principal compuesto del aceite esencial seguido por β-bisaboleno, p-cimeno and γ-terpineno. El aceite esencial de S. khuzistanica tuvo fuerte actividad anti-candida contra aislados clínicos de C. albicans via la inhibicion de tubo germinal y la inducción de estructuras puntiformes en la membrana citoplásmatica. Las membranas celulares quedaron intactas en presencia del aceite esencial o del carvacrol. El aceite esencial de S. khuzistanica como fuente principal de carvacrol podría ser usado como tratamiento de infecciones relacionadas con Candida albicans.

Anesthetic potential of the essential oils of Lippia alba and Lippia origanoides in Tambaqui juveniles / Potencial anestésico do óleo essencial de Lippia Alba e Lippia origanoides em juvenis de Tambaqui

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to investigate the anesthetic effect of the essential oils (EOs) of Lippia alba (citral and linalool chemotypes, EOLA-C and EOLA-L respectively) and Lippia origanoides (chemotype carvacrol, EOLO-Ca) on tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) juveniles. The tested concentrations of the L. alba and L. origanoides EOs were: 25, 50, 100, and 200 μL/L. Time required to reach the stages of sedation, deep anesthesia, and recovery, as well as ventilatory frequency, were monitored for each EO concentration. The results indicated that all EO concentrations tested induced tambaqui anesthesia and that the ventilatory frequency was altered by the EOs. L. origanoides showed the shortest time to induce sedation and anesthesia, but had long recovery times. L. alba EO (citral 100 μL/L and linalool 200 μL/L) can be used to efficiently anaesthetise tambaqui juveniles with an efficient recovery.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o efeito anestésico dos óleos essenciais (EOs) de Lippia alba (quimiotipos citral e linalool - EOLA-C e EOLA-L respectivamente) e Lippia origanoides (quimiotipo carvacrol- EOLO-Ca) em juvenis de tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). As concentrações testadas dos EOs de L. alba e L. origanoides foram: 25, 50, 100 ou 200 μL/L. O tempo para atingir os estágios de sedação, anestesia profunda, recuperação e frequência ventilatória foram monitorados em cada concentração de EO. Os resultados indicam que todas as concentrações testadas dos OE induziram a anestesia do tambaqui e que a frequência ventilatória foi alterada pelos EOs. L. origanoides mostrou o tempo mais rápido para induzir sedação e anestesia, mas os tempos de recuperação foram longos. EO L. alba (citral 100 μL/L e linalol 200 μL/L) pode ser utilizado como anestésico em juvenis de tambaqui, pela eficiência em anestesiar e recuperar.

Biocidal effect of a hexane-soluble extract of Lippia graveolens Kunth (Verbenaceae) / Efecto biocida del extracto hexánico de Lippia graveolens Kunth (Verbenaceae)

Lippia graveolens Kunth (Verbenaceae) is an economically important shrub known in Mexico as Oregano. In this work, the biocidal effect of the hexane extract of L. graveolens leaves was evaluated on two crop pests. Thus, larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda were fed with mixtures of extract and artificial diet. The nematicidal activity was evaluated on juveniles of Meloydogine javanica. Regarding S. frugiperda, quantitative differences between treatments and control were observed in dead pupae, surviving adults, and deformed adults (P < 0.05). All the surviving adults from the extract treatments were deformed. Nematicidal effect was registered, the LC50 and LC90 were 0.672 (0.654-0.690) and 0.965 (0.937-0.998) mg/mL respectively. The extract was characterized by NMR and GC-MS, being thymol the most abundant component (70.6%) in addition to carvacrol (22.8%). The results suggest the consideration of the hexane extract of L. graveolens leaves within the alternatives for the biological control of pests.

Lippia graveolens Kunth (Verbenaceae) es un arbusto con importancia económica conocido en México como Orégano. En éste trabajo se evaluó el efecto biocida del extracto hexánico de hojas L. graveolens sobre dos plagas agrícolas. Así, larvas de S. frugiperda fueron alimentadas con mezclas de dieta artificial y extracto. La actividad nematicida fue evaluada en juveniles de Meloydogine javanica, Respecto a S. frugiperda, se observaron diferencias cuantitativas entre tratamiento y control en cuanto a pupas muertas, adultos sobrevivientes y adultos deformes (P < 0.05). Todos los adultos provenientes de tratamientos con extracto estuvieron malformados. Hubo efecto nematicida, calculándose CL50 y CL90 de 0.672 (0.654-0.690) y 0.965 (0.937-0.998) mg/mL respectivamente. El extracto se caracterizó por RMN y CG-EM. Los compuestos más abundantes fueron timol (70.6%), ademas del carvacrol (22.8%). Los resultados sugieren considerar al extracto hexánico de hojas de L. graveolens dentro de las alternativas para el control biológico de plagas.

Growth modeling to control (in vitro) Fusarium verticillioides and Rhizopus stolonifer with thymol and carvacrol / Modelización del crecimiento in vitro para controlar Fusarium verticillioides y Rhizopus stolonifer con timol y carvacrol

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity (in vitro) of thymol and carvacrol alone or in mixtures against Fusarium verticillioides and Rhizopus stolonifer, and to obtain primary growth models. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was evaluated with fungal radial growth with thymol or carvacrol concentrations (0-1600mg/l). Mixtures were evaluated using concentrations below MIC values. Radial growth curves were described by the modified Gompertz equation. MIC values of carvacrol were 200mg/l for both fungi. Meanwhile, MIC values of thymol were between 500 and 400mg/l for F verticillioides and R. stolonifer, respectively. A synergistic effect below MIC concentrations for carvacrol (100mg/l) and thymol (100-375 mg/l) was observed. Significant differences (p <0.05) between the Gompertz parameters for the antimicrobial concentrations and their tested mixtures established an inverse relationship between antimicrobial concentration and mycelial development of both fungi. Modified Gompertz parameters can be useful to determine fungistatic concentrations.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la actividad antifúngica in vitro del timol y del carvacrol, solos o en mezclas, contra Fusarium verticillioides y Rhizopus stolonifer, y obtener modelos primarios de crecimiento. Se evaluó la concentración inhibitoria mínima (CIM) con el crecimiento radial, se ensayaron concentraciones de timol y carvacrol de 0 a 1.600 mg/l. Las mezclas se evaluaron utilizando concentraciones por debajo de los valores de CIM. Las curvas de crecimiento radial fueron descritas por la ecuación de Gompertz modificada. Se obtuvieron los siguientes valores de CIM: carvacrol, 200 mg/l para las 2 especies; timol, 500 mg/l y 400 mg/l para F. verticillioides y R. stolonifer, respectivamente. Se observó un efecto sinèrgico a concentraciones inferiores a las CIM para el carvacrol (100mg/l) y el timol (100-375 mg/l). Hubo diferencias significativas (p <0,05) entre los parámetros de crecimiento de Gompertz; se estableció que existe una relación inversa entre la concentración de los antimicrobianos y el desarrollo del micelio de ambos hongos.